Trimethylamine N-oxide as a media supplement for cartilage tissue engineering.
"Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a natural osmolyte found in shark cartilage, is thought to induce protein folding, and counteracts the destabilizing effect of the high concentrations of urea stored by sharks. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of TMAO as a media supplement for promoting growth of functional engineered cartilage in culture. In the first study, TMAO was added to the culture media for the first 14 days in culture and concentrations of 0-200 mM were evaluated. In the second study, TMAO was supplemented to the culture media following chondroitinase ABC digestion, which has been previously shown to mediate an increased collagen content in engineered cartilage. A dose-dependent response was observed with improved mechanical and biochemical properties for engineered constructs cultured with TMAO at concentrations of 5-100 mM. The Young's modulus of digested constructs cultured in TMAO was 2× greater than digested constructs cultured in the control medium and recovered to undigested control levels by day 42. In conclusion, these initial studies with TMAO as a media supplement show promise for improving the compressive mechanical properties, increasing extracellular matrix production, and increasing the recovery time following chABC digestion."
"TMAO is effective in reducing denaturation and proteolysis of tissues from fish and mammalian species (bovine)"
"The extracellular matrix of shark cartilage, mostly water (40–45%), proteoglycans (20–25% by dry weight) and collagen (20–25% by dry weight), is comprised of similar components as articular cartilage found in land vertebrates"
"At day 28, the collagen content of the 50 and the 100 mM TMAO groups was approximately 45% greater than the control group"
Collagen type II, alpha 1 protein: A bioactive component of shark cartilage.
The Col2a1 component of shark cartilage can actually induce inflammatory cytokines like TNFa.
"TMAO is effective in reducing denaturation and proteolysis of tissues from fish and mammalian species (bovine)"
"The extracellular matrix of shark cartilage, mostly water (40–45%), proteoglycans (20–25% by dry weight) and collagen (20–25% by dry weight), is comprised of similar components as articular cartilage found in land vertebrates"
"At day 28, the collagen content of the 50 and the 100 mM TMAO groups was approximately 45% greater than the control group"
Collagen type II, alpha 1 protein: A bioactive component of shark cartilage.
The Col2a1 component of shark cartilage can actually induce inflammatory cytokines like TNFa.
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